Evaluation Q.4 – How were Media technologies used in your music video?

Evaluation Q.4 – How were Media technologies used in your music video?

The major technology we used was the editing suite Final Cut Pro. This allowed us to cut shots to the beat of the song, and create a timeline for our music video. The first important tool we used was the opacity tool; this tool allowed us to show two shots at the same time and fade one into the other, this helped us show that Caitlin was inside Matt’s head. The eeriness of the song made it impossible to have lots of fast cuts so the speed tool in Final Cut Pro was also very important. By slowing nearly every shot down from its original speed, we could make the cuts of each shot match the beat of the song; the song was too slow to leave the shots at their original pace so this particular tool was very important. For all shots, we added a special filter to give each one a certain effect. The filter we used was a pastel style, we drained the color for Caitlin’s shots in the park to give a more grainy effect, we found this was quite abstract and this summarized Caitlin’s character. The tools we used to move from shot to shot were the cross dissolve tool and the pen tool. Because a lot of our shots were on top of each other and we had used the opacity tool, the pen tool allowed us to pinpoint where we wanted particular shots to start to fade off the screen, and leaving another shot underneath it meant one shot faded into the next one smoothly, for example when Caitlin and Matthew are on the stairs. The cross dissolve tool was one of many dissolves we could have used, we positioned this at the end of the shot and after rendering the file, we saw that this was useful as it allowed us to cut from one shot to another smoothly and effortlessly.

Another program we used was Motion. This program is similar to Adobe Photoshop but it allows you to achieve very specific filters and styles on Final Cut Pro files. We used it for the performance side of our video. The shots we had weren’t too bad, but they needed something extra to give them a more unconventional style. We added a spotlight on every performance shot of the band, either in the corners of the image or the center. This gave Matt are more important stance in the shot, showing he is a key character as the light was shed on him rather than the other band member, the fact he was lead singer helped to show his importance too. The best thing about these spotlights was the fact that we could have them any color so we chose a midnight blue, with the brightness fading out into the corner of the page making the shadow darker and darker. We felt that a midnight blue effect worked very well with the main lyrics in the song “dark side of the moon”,” especially seeing as though these lyrics were always lip synced in the performance shots and the effect was therefore when the words were being sung.

Finally for the media technologies were the equipment we used. Firstly was the camera, an HD ready standard video camera with a micro SD memory card. The quality was satisfactory, but we were impressed with the fact we could record and take photos with the same camera. Either way, we managed to get all of the footage we needed and that’s what matters. We also had the Fig Rig camera stand. This was a handheld device which allowed us to record shots of unique and different angles for the performance side of our video. This was extremely effective for close ups and getting shots from high and low angles, it was easier to use this than to record such shots using just a handheld camera, and we found it very useful. We also used the recording studio in college for our album cover photography. The studio had a black screen we could take good band shots of and this is seen in the front cover of our digi-pack. There is another recording studio in college where we shot our band footage and this was useful as the equipment such as the guitars and drums were already there so all we had to do was play. It was a conventional style band room and this was something we said we didn’t want to achieve, but in the end it worked well to mix the two styles of unconventional narrative and conventional performance for our music video. We used the tripod for the camera on a number of shots such as the panning shot, it gave us a straight and fixed image to work with and was important for a number of medium and long shot sin our piece.

For our CD cover we used Adobe Photoshop Elements 8, a program which allowed us to player images and create specific effects such as shadowing and filters on pictures to create a classy and professional piece of work. We filtered the images of the band to give them a more abstract and less conventional effect, and also used screenshots from our video and put them in Photoshop to edit them and use them as backgrounds for the front and back covers. This was a good idea as it helped us a keep a consistency about all the pieces of work we had produced. Had we not done this the digi-pack would have looked random and out of place compared to the music video, it is important to get a clear link between the CD cover and the music video itself.

Directors Commentary

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COZrio-erYk&context=C20760ADOEgsToPDskJrMp6Hm7Z7m66ia_kTzqVT

Evaluation Q.3 – What have you learnt from your audience feedback?

Evaluation Q.3 – What have you learnt from your audiencefeedback?

For our audience feedback, we decided to use the social networking site Facebook, as this is the base of millions of people’s opinions on different things. By using this we felt we were sure to get plenty of different views and this was the case as shown in the screenshots and explanations below:

Screenshot 1.

The first thing to notice about this shot is the fact that 9people clicked the “Like” button on the video, shown by the little thumb. This waspositive but it was the comments we were interested in. the first comment onthis shot says weird, by a friend of ours called Joanna Brown, she thenelaborates this to “good weird” showing her approval of the video. We then hadmore positive feedback from Jessica and Bethany, Bethany says “strange but deadgood” which is the second comment of this nature. We can take two things fromthis, on the one hand these comments about the video being strange could meanit is confusing and people aren’t grasping the fact that there is one lunaticgetting into Matt’s head, and then the narrative should be clearer in order forit to make sense. However, we could also take pride in the fact that if peopleare saying our music video is “weird” then we have achieved our aim of making thevideo disturbing, and have displayed our representation of an instable mind ina successful way. We preferred to take the comments about the video being weirdas positive as we feel it highlights the fact our video is unconventional,different and we overall achieved our aims of making an eerie and abstractvideo.

Screenshot 2.

In this screenshot, we have two more comments, one fromHarry Slater says the video is “brilliant” which we found positive but we werelooking for a more analytical comment like the one from Adam below. Adam was ofthe opinion that we did not need the parts with Caitlin at the beginning as itwas not needed. From this we feel as if our piece was not clear enough, we didnot put the point that Caitlin was possessed across in a clear way and thiscaused confusion as to why these shots were there. It was disappointing becausewe felt we were clear in the way the narrative was put across but it seems thiswas not the case. Adam also felt the video got boring and wanted us to changethe mood of the song through the video. We felt this was a fair comment as thesong does get quite boring; however, it was hard for us to do any more than wedid because of the beat of the song. The shots had to be slowed down in orderto keep consistent with the cuts and beats of the song, and the only way tochange the mood would be to speed the shots up and stop the video being aseerie, which would have gone against our aims anyway. Adam does point out thathe liked the effect we put on the band shots using  motion as have a lot of people including theteachers, we have received a lot of positive comments on thst which is very pleasing.The last point mad eon this shot is that Adam wanted a specific reference to “DarkSide of the Moon” which is a good point. We did lip sync which we found was agood effect, but he wanted a more obvious link to these lyrics with his ideadoing some filming under moonlight or using a moonlight effect which we think wouldhave been excellent. Linking the words to the context or setting of the song issomething we will take into account next time.



Screenshot 3.

This third set of comments of Facebook contains positive feedbackand some constructive criticism we can take a lot from.  The first comment from Peter highlights howgood the editing was which is positive as we have had a number of comments aboutthis and the effects we used really were one of our strongest points in thismusic video. Peter is of the opinion that Caitlin with the make-up and theshots of her are random and this is worrying because he is the second person tosay that these shots are ont needed. This again makes us feel as if we have notmade the narrative clear enough and the video therefore comes across asconfusing. Tim and Ryan both share the opinion that the editing is good but theywould have used some transitions between clips instead of the fading techniquewe used. This was an interesting point as we didn’t think to do this, but avalid one as we’re sure this would have had a good effect. Later in his commentRyan highlights the fact that the first minute with Caitlin is once again a bit“weird” suggesting it does not fit well with the rest of the video. The factthat 3 people have picked up on the same point illustrates that this is a validpoint, maybe Caitlin’s involvement could have been made clearer, and thenarrative should have been laid out in a more simple way, this is the mainpoint we have got from our feedback thus far.

Screenshot 4.

On this final screen shot of our Facebook link to the musicvideo, we have Lucy, who liked the “weird” bit which seemed to be the maintopic of conversation on this link. She said she liked it because it works wellwith the song, which was the reason we included it and this also met our aim sowere happy with this comment and didn’t feel as down about the earlier negativecomments. We did include it because of the lyrics of the song and so it wasgood she noticed this, hopefully more people will. The last comment on thevideo came from our friend from college Tom Doyle. He said he liked the way weedited, and the way we ran the performance next to the narrative, this was oneof our favourite bits of the video so we were glad this was mentioned in theend. His only constructive critisicism was that the lip syncing was slightlyoff which was a fair comment, and one which will be taken into account nexttime, like all the comments.

Evaluation Q2. How effective is the combination of your main product and ancillary texts?

2. How effective is the combination of your main product and ancillary texts?

When it came to designing the album artwork, we gained inspiration from popular contemporary bands, like Coldplay with their album ‘Life in Technicolor II, The Kooks with their album ‘Inside in the Inside Out’ and Oasis with their album ‘Definitely Maybe’. The albums had the band members in the cover posing in a certain way that would suit the style of the band and album. We picked out different things from each of these albums to create our own album cover in a diverse way. In the Coldplay album, the way the moving graphic colours interacted with the band member was very attracting. It also linked the album name to its actual image of ‘Technicolor’. The Kooks and the Oasis album showed the band members in simple settings with their instruments.

Our final front cover of the CD cover shows the band members inside a hand replicating the shape of the moon. The album name was ‘Dark Side of the Moon’ so in order to try and convey this in a new unique interesting way, we felt by creating shadows from the hand image could recreate the moon. We felt doing this would be better than having an actual moon in the reason that having a moon could be seen as generic and we wanted to do something new and special. The font used had a 70s, psychedelic style to it which I feel showed the relation with the period of time the song was released. The back cover shows the door which was featured in the music video. The door was very significant as it represented the entrapment of the lead singer’s mind. The public would notice the similarity and in a way this would promote the album, the music video and overall the actual song, creating a promotional synergy. So, realistically this style of font should continue in the rest of the album and the poster in order to signify the song’s genre. The feel of the ancillary texts should all be dark and symbolistic.

Our CD Front Cover- Dark Side of the Moon

Our CD Back Cover-Dark Side of the Moon

The poster featured the band members again posing with their instruments. The black and grey colours retained the dark symbolism of the album name ‘Dark Side of the Moon’. The font kept the 70s, psychedelic theme. We felt it was also important to include websites where a viewer could purchase the album, which is the main objective of an Album Poster. 

Advertising Poster

 As for the music video itself, the music video was a dark unique representation showing insanity of the main character in this narrative and performance piece of the 70s psychedelic themed Pink Floyd song, Brain Damage. In order to create this type of ambience, the clips were slowed down and had coloured filters which showed the differences in reality. The video told the story from the lyrics in order to inform the viewer the message and emotion connected that may not have been easy for them to identify with just the song itself.

Overall, Music videos and its ancillary texts have an objective to promote the song and the artist’s image which I feel we have definitely fulfilled. Also, giving the video a more modern approach, this was done with the costume and the locations of the video, but still retaining its initial 70s retro fundamentals.

Raph Jims

Evaluation Q.1- In what ways does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and conventions of real media products?

In what ways does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and conventions of real media products?

In todays music industry, music videos have the purpose to promote an singer/artists music and now it seems they are steadily becoming for entertainment purposes. There is now a big demand for big theatrical music videos with huge complicated performances and amazing new special effects. As the video-editing program was Final Cut Pro, which is now certified as professional video editing software because it has been used in many big blockbuster films like ‘The Social Network’, there should be no reason why the standard of this music video should not be equal to that.

Our music video contained clear elements of a performance and a narrative that was illustrative, meaning it corresponded with the message with the song lyrics which a lot of music videos do have today. The song is about the thoughts of a mentally ill person, so we thought it would be expected to story tell the person’s life, in this case a female antagonist character, in a chronological fashion. The Star of the band, which was the lead singer, was connected to this female character, which we showed with cross cuts throughout depicting another parallel element to the piece. Examples of this in videos now are ‘Brick by Boring Brick’ by Paramore and ‘Hey there, Delilah’ by the Plain White Ts. Rock videos contain strong amounts of performances in the videos, where the video is either all performance or just the majority performance with some narrative. Our video contains an equal mixture and also towards the end, the performance becomes a part of the narrative as the narrative character interacts with the lead singer, which we felt was quite creative and unique.

Our music video was inspired by many 70’s artists for example ‘The Beatles’. We felt it would be interesting to bring a more modernised theme to a 70’s psychedelic themed song, but still retaining its trance like atmosphere. The coloured filters in the video, created a 70’s psyschedelic feel to it which was also enhanced by the pace throughout the video which was quite slower than many videos today. So in a way we challenged the conventions of todays music with the song choice. However, the original music video to Brain Damage by Pink Floyd’s narrative was disjuncture and it contained a political message of Government corruption which was very common for a video to have in that time period. In todays Pop musical culture, music videos with disjuncture and a political message is quite rare. Few bands like Radiohead still favour this type. Overall in order for our music video to appeal to our large target audience, having an illustrative narrative in our video is advisory. Although there was no signs of a political message in the video, we felt it was quite important to still show its deeper representations of insanity.

Raph Jims

FInal Digipack - Complete

Front Cover

Back Cover

Billy Greenall.

Final CD Advert - Complete.

Pink Floyd - Brain Damage - Complete.

Uses of Technology

The media industry is steadily growing with new technologies enabling an even better visual to ensure people are fully entertained. I feel I should follow this to guarantee my music video piece will be of high quality.

Example of the type of Camera.

            Firstly, we were given a standard, household camera to film our music video with, which is only due to the budget that was given. Although, having a professional filming camera would have seen the image quality be at the highest standard, I feel the camera given to us was still at a high standard which I feel shows the high expectations for image quality in media. The camera included many other features that became useful to us which included shallow and deep in depth focus. The camera came with a standard tripod that showed its huge usefulness in parts when we were filming, when we all needed to be in the shot.  Also that came with the camera was a memory card. The memory card made it possible for us to playback everything we had filmed through the camera while we were still filming. These was useful as we could find out if any errors had occurred while filming and then film them again if there was. At times, when we filmed in distant locations, like in Glossop, having a memory card avoided situations when we had to go back and forth when filming errors happened. Also, because of the memory cards high megabyte(MB) capacity we were able to save a lot of high quality film clips with large MB sizes that it had easily , without having to delete any of them. Transferring the data in the memory card to computer was easy as well, because a card reader was used. 

An example of a Fig Rig

During the performance filming, we used a Fig Rig which entitled us to move around with the camera, keeping it as steady as possible. Many people in the music industry today use Fig Rigs as they allow the cameraman to move around freely around a performing group with interesting shot angles. The fact that, they are very small, light and portable pieces of equipment made it possible for us to travel to different places which was a huge advantage as we had other equipment to carry around like the camera, tripod etc. The computer used had the software called ‘Final Cut Pro’ which is regarded as professional editing software in big media corporations. We used a green screen in a studio. A green screen allows you to add backgrounds to an video clip, by removing everything ‘green’ and then replaces it with something else. This technology is very popular in the film industry and has been used for many years. Finally, we used an Apple Mac Computer for the editing process. The fast speed and 2 screen monitor technology were ideal for video editing. This because usually there could be a number of programs open at one time so to avoid the desktop looking ‘cluttered’ there are 2 screen monitors that merge into one another. The main fault about these Apple Macs, and was rather a constant irritation is the computer would sometimes take longer to load or even freeze altogether. This may be due to the fact that there were multiple programs opened at once.

In conclusion, because all the equipment that we use is similar to the equipment used in high budget, professional videos in media I feel I can easily create a realistic music video. The equipment is generally at a good standard and their disadvantages are heavily outweighed by its reliability, portability and usefulness.

 

Raph Jims 

           

The Creative Process

During the pre-production of the music video, there were a lot of meetings that had taken place to fully decide as a group on what song would be used. Firstly we looked out different genres that we were interested in using. The genres were Rock, Dub-step and Rap. We felt in order to create a unique creative performance and narrative music video; we would have to use a rock genred song. We then listed all the songs that would be a possibility to use.

We all had good creative ideas for a lot of these songs on the list. Deciding on the right one to choose depended on, if we had the right resources, locations was a possibility and we would have the right, perfect performers for the video. Brain Damage by Pink Floyd became the final choice for this project, for the reason that its lyrical theme of insanity and pessimism, would be ideal for us to convey in the video. The psychedelic rock theme to the video would be interesting to use in our contemporary music video. The song was released in the mid 1960s and it would be very interesting for us to modernise the song by using rock video conventions of todays music to create an appealing piece of work. For inspiration and research we all looked at music videos in the contemporary music industry. The music videos for ‘Leave before the Lights Come On’ by the Arctic Monkeys and ‘Flashing Lights’ by Kanye West had a crazed woman as their Main character, so we felt we should follow this and also take specific bits that we thought we good in those videos and use that idea for our own. We also looked at many psychedelic rock music videos from bands such as The Beatles, The 13^th Floor Elevators, Jefferson Airplane and more. The majority had a soothing, ludicrous theme, so having that would be essential to create a good fitting music video. We gained inspiration from TV shows and films as well, which featured scary, crazy women like Jennifer in ‘Jennifer’s Body’ and Rose in ‘Two and a Half Men’.

The editing software that was available for us to use, was professional equipment also used by real music video in the industry. This ensured us with the fact that during the editing process, our ideas will have no boundaries due to the lack of good software.

When we filmed the performance part of the music video in an actual recording studio, it was important to film as much as possible, in order to have enough clips for editing. We filmed the whole band ‘playing’ the song with all the instruments in our location all the way through. We also filmed each band member individually playing the whole song with a handheld fig rig. The fig rig enabled us to keep the camera as steady as possible, while handheld. It was most important that we were creative while filming, and tried using unique shots with variance shot types. Though, when it came time to filming the actual narrative side of the video, we felt as a group we should plan the basic sequence of it beforehand. Thoroughly planning in advance was very favorable because we were able to brainstorm a large amount of ideas and then were able to bring additional props to improve the video’s realism. Additional to that I feel this also helped us with the time management during filming.     

            In conclusion, we found ideas from many different areas in media and mainly ideas from our own imaginations. It was also interesting how we were able to fuse our different ideas that we had individually to gain compromise and even a better idea. The idea that we have to modernise an old rock song by fusing modern day music video conventions with the old ones would create a unique piece of work. 

Raph Jims

Analysis of our video in terms of narrative

Our music video is mainly narrative based, but there is also a lot of performance, however the two are linked. There is certainly a specific beginning, middle and end. The beginning of the narrative is with Caitlin jumping around showing her mental instability. The middle of the narrative is Matt being followed both mentally and physically by Caitlin, and the end is when Caitlin ends up with complete control of Matt as he walks out of the performance.

The fact that ending is shown in the performance suggests a clear link between the two sides, both performance and narrative. The aim of our narrative story was that there is a lunatic (as to the words of the song) in the form of Caitlin. She then wants to control Matt and goes about this by getting inside of his head, following him, and this is shown through the opacity shots and others. We then aimed to end the narrative with Caitlin either murdering Matthew, or controlling him, and we felt the way Matt left the performance, and is next seen in the warehouse with Caitlin showed this quite well.

Our narrative was experimental, we had a brief idea of what we wanted to achieve but the shots we got on the recording days would decide on the real story behind the narrative. A lot is left to the imagination of the audience but the above is a clear idea of what we were trying to achieve. There is a basic and consistent idea running all the way through our video, and we stuck with just one main idea as the video could have got confusing otherwise.



Billy Greenall.

Craig Davis’ Approach toAnalyzing Music Videos:

Pink Floyd – Brain Damage

1. Narrative categories:

Illustration – Our video is a mixture of bothnarrative and performance. The narrative side links with the performance,Caitlin and Matt are wandering around an abandoned mill, this is the narrativeside, and Matt is also in the band which is performing the song. Matt thentakes ill because of what is happening in the narrative scenes and this ismirrored in the performance side. Matt walks out of the performance and isfound back in the warehouse with Caitlin showing her control of him.

Amplification – Our music video shows a direct link to the songstraight away, showing Caitlin dressed as a lunatic, and the lyrics of the song“The lunatic is on the grass.” The cuts of our video do go well with the beatof the poem, but it is definitely the link between scenes and the lyrics whichshow a direct parallel between both. There is also lip syncing and instrumentsbeing played to show the beat of the song and the link between the music andvideo.

Disjuncture – There are a few abstract aspects to our video, suchas Matt taking ill, and the reasons why Caitlin is inside his head, but all inall our music video shows a direct link.

2. Performance Video:

1. Conventions of the band performance: There are close ups of each member of the band to reveal each person’s true nature. There are also several cases of lip syncing to show authenticity and the way the drums are played shows a conventional style to our video. This is also seen though the strumming of the guitar to the beat of the poem, but there could have been a lot more of this to make the video more conventional.

2. Conventions of solo artist performance: The main solo character in our music video is Caitlin who is represented as a female protagonist. She haunts Matt throughout the video with her nightmarish actions and horrific make up. There are a few close ups of her facial expressions, such as the one before the second chorus where she smiles scarily at Matt. There could have been more of these though, shots with her eyes rolling to show her craziness would have worked well, but we did not do this.

3. Star Image – There is little case of star image in our music video. This may be because it is a song from the 1970s where as star image artists such as Madonna and Michael Jackson are found in 1990s music industry. Our music video is eerie and mainly narrative and performance based, with a proper story as opposed to a narrative style performance where selling points can be found.

3. Audio-VisualTechnical Codes Needed for Analyzing a Music Video:

Speed isthe Essence:

Camera Shots: We used a shaky handheld cameraa lot of the time to create an unstable effect and represent the characters anduncomfortable and desperate. Along with this we used the rig which allowed usto get unusual camera angles and shots we would not otherwise have been able toachieve.

Camera Movement: We mainly used the rig for ourperformance shots as this allowed shots we would not otherwise have been ableto record. In the warehouse used the tripod mostly as this gave us a fixedimage to work with, however, on occasions we used the camera as handheld toconnote the instability of the characters and to also get some unique anglesand shots. Nevertheless, too much of this type of camera movement can result inthe piece looking sloppy so we had to be careful.

Editing: Our editing was not too fast andthis was mainly down to the beat of the song. The Pink Floyd song was fairlydreamy and eerie and so it was hard for us to make fast cuts. We slowed a lotof shots down to fit them with the beat of the poem so watching the video oncewould allow the viewer to gain the general idea behind the video. We did fade alot of shots as we felt this was the best way to move from one scene to anotherrather than jump cutting, this was again down the dreamy tune behind the song.

Post-production digital effects: Slow motion was a big factor in fitting our shots to thestyle and beat of the song. We also used the program “Motion” to add a uniquespotlight effect to most of performance shots, making them more interesting andcentering the important characters in the music video. We added filters onFinal Cut Pro which made the shots in the warehouse and in the park moredrained and dull connoting desperation and depression. This showed how abstractCaitlin was as a character and showed her evil side.

Lighting: The only lighting we used wasthe lighting we used in Motion. This lighting was the strobe lighting effectwhich allowed us to create a shadow around each performance shot, making Mattthe important character in the shot, and the light would always be closest tohim. This fitted well with the lyrics “Dark Side of the Moon” and also kept theeerie theme of the music video consistent throughout the project.

Mis-en-scene: The only real case ofMis-en-scene in our video was the makeup we used for Caitlin to make her looklike a lunatic. Basic make-up such as eyeliner and lipstick smeared all overher face gave a good effect, making her look scary and presenting her as thefemale protagonist. The way she lulled around, groaning and pulling strangefacial expressions shows her as a lunatic, and connotes the fact she is tryingto possess Matt, control him and get inside of his head. She also messed withher hair, made it look as if it had never been touched, just to add that extraeffect; she looked like a ghoul, or something out of the film “The Grudge”.

Billy Greenall.

Location Shots

These are all shots of Volcrepe warehouse. This was an open, abandoned location which gave us the eerie setting we needed. The drained and damaged walls along side the collapsed roofs all gave us the nightmarish and isolated location we really wanted to find for our video. This scary location alongside the make-up of Caitlin worked well in creating a miseerable and dull atmosphere for our project.

The shot of the make it right first time sign was very important to our music video because we feel it comes across as if Caitlin is saying this to the person she is haunting, Matt. The marsh and growth around the room is also effective as gives the effect of this unreal, abandoned place that only her and Matt can go to.

 The shot of the window shows her mental instability, as she sits in the window searching for answers to the pieces missing in her life. the abstract location shots of the door and the bridge show the structure of the warehouse and the real reason why we filmed her. there are objects and pieces of imagery we simply wuld not find anywhere else so this was very pleasing. the shot of the room ws so effective as it shows the light shining through the cracked window and just gives it this abstract effect. it shows there is sometjing just not right here, and its good that this was the case as our whole video is based around a lunatic and the instablity of several characters minds.

The shot of the collpased roof show the age of the building, with certain objects all over the floor. This gives the effect that the building is out of use, and the fact that we would film here shows the fragile mind of each character, as it is a location which represents lunatics and abstract mind.The establishing shot of the whole warehouse is shown too, the building was big, dark and old and this was the perfect location we needed in order to get the effect we wanted, this being abstract, fragile and dismantled.


Billy Greenall/Matt J.